Medication-Assisted Treatment Effectiveness for Opioid Use Disorder

Opioid use disorder is a chronic mental health condition with devastating potential consequences to a person’s physical health, mental well-being, and financial situation. Despite the harm experienced by opioid use, many people find themselves trapped in a cycle of use due to changes in the brain caused by addiction, which creates a compulsive need to continue. With over 6.1 million people over the age of 12 struggling with this disorder and a rising number of overdose deaths, it is an ever-growing concern in the United States. Though it is a lifelong disease, medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder can aid people on their journey to recovery and help prevent future relapses.

Opioids are a class of drugs that include illicit substances such as heroin and prescription opioids such as Morphine and Oxycodone. Their high addiction potential stems from their ability to provide effective pain relief while also inducing feelings of euphoria. Users can quickly build a tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects, which can lead to dependence and, ultimately, addiction. According to a Mayo Clinic article, prescription opioids are a significant risk factor for developing substance use disorders, with nearly 30% of patients misusing them and up to 12% developing opioid use disorder (OUD).

One of the most significant challenges in overcoming opioid use is withdrawal symptoms experienced after dependence has developed. Many people will often use it again to prevent or stop withdrawal symptoms, which increases the risk of an overdose. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT), in this case for opioid use disorder, aims to help patients reduce or stop withdrawal symptoms, facilitating their ability to stop using. It is important to note that opioid addiction also has psychological components, often requiring professional treatment beyond MAT for long-term recovery. Comprehensive treatment programs that integrate medication and behavioral therapy offer people the best opportunity to manage their addiction effectively.

What Is Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Dependence?

When a person develops opioid dependence, they are likely to experience severely uncomfortable and painful withdrawal symptoms. Although these symptoms are not life-threatening, they are a major driver in continued use. Symptoms can vary and depend on certain factors, such as the type of opioid used and length of use. People report withdrawal symptoms feeling like the flu, which can include:

• Anxiety.
• Chills and fever.
• Body aches.
• Diarrhea.
• Profuse sweating.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Insomnia.
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Intense opioid cravings.
• Episodes of crying or tearing up.

Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder is an evidence-based approach that helps patients manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings as they stop opioid use. Certain medications are also used to block the euphoric effects, reducing the risk of overdose. Effective MAT incorporates psychosocial support to address the psychological health and social environment of the opioid user to improve their quality of life while also teaching necessary coping skills to manage substance use disorder independently.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three medications that are safe and effective for treating opioid use disorder: methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. The length of medication-assisted treatment varies and is determined by each patient’s case. Many programs are designed to last between one to three months, but those with severe addictions may need a year or more of treatment. MAT programs play a crucial role in recovery, as they are effective at helping patients discontinue opioid use, lower the risk of overdose, and ensure a safer, more manageable withdrawal experience.

How Does MAT Affect the Brain?

Medications used in MAT for opioid use disorder help the brain in several ways to overcome addiction. Methadone is an opioid agonist that acts on the same opioid receptors that other opioids activate to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Receptors are activated more slowly to reduce euphoric effects. Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist, meaning it activates opioid receptors less strongly. Similarly effective as methadone for treating OUD, it also reduces withdrawal symptoms and cravings without producing euphoria. Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist that works by blocking the activation of opioid receptors. Instead of controlling cravings and withdrawal symptoms, it prevents the euphoric effects of other opioids.  Patient adherence somewhat limits its effectiveness; however, an injectable, long-acting form of naltrexone (Vivitrol) has effects that last for weeks, making it a good option for patients who struggle to take their medication regularly.

What Are the Side Effects of MAT Medication?

As with any medication, side effects are common with MAT medications. However, doctors prescribe medications when their benefits outweigh the potential risks associated with side effects. Long-acting opioid medications such as methadone and buprenorphine can lead to dependence, but the risk is minimal with careful monitoring. It is important to note that these medications have some euphoric effects, so they should never be used when driving or operating machinery. Common side effects of methadone and buprenorphine include:

• Lethargy.
• Sedation.
• Sleep disturbances.
• Headaches.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Dry mouth.
• Constipation.
• Decreased libido.
• Weight gain.
• Fluid retention.
• Excessive sweating.

Opioid antagonists, like naltrexone, block the effects of opioids without any euphoric effects. Patients must be fully detoxed before starting naltrexone therapy, as taking it could cause severe withdrawal symptoms if taken when dependence is still present. Additionally, there is the risk of overdose if opioids are resumed after taking naltrexone, as it eliminates opioid tolerance. Side effects of naltrexone are usually mild and resolve over time, including:

• Nausea.
• Headache.
• Muscle aches.
• Anxiety.
• Fatigue.
• Sleep disturbance.

 

How Successful Is the MAT Program?

Studies show that people who attempt to detox cold turkey are likely to relapse and return to opioid use. While experiencing a relapse can be a common part of the recovery journey, it can also be life-threatening as it raises the risk of a fatal overdose. MAT programs have proven to be effective at helping patients overcome opioid misuse and significantly lower the risk of overdose death compared to using medication or behavioral interventions alone. Methadone clinics specifically focus on providing medications used in MAT.  It is important to seek out reputable treatment facilities that offer comprehensive recovery programs. When selecting a MAT program, consider these essential features:

• The use of evidence-based practices.
• State licensing and certification from a recognized third-party organization.
• Integration of behavioral therapy and holistic practices along with MAT.
• A dedicated team of healthcare professionals.
• Availability of aftercare support services.

Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder at WhiteSands

Opioid use disorders cause an overpowering drive to use opioids despite consequences, making it incredibly challenging to overcome on your own. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder at WhiteSands Treatment offers comprehensive treatment programs designed to guide you on your path to recovery. We are a network of Joint Commission-accredited drug and alcohol addiction treatment facilities with locations throughout Florida.

Our programs use a combination of MAT with comprehensive addiction treatment that includes behavioral therapy and holistic therapies. Each highly structured program at WhiteSands begins with a detailed evaluation, allowing our team of clinicians to create a personalized treatment plan aimed at helping you achieve long-term recovery. Patients with opioid use disorder begin treatment through medical detox to ensure safety and comfort through the withdrawal process. Patients can choose between inpatient and outpatient treatment programs that fit their needs best. Upon completing their program, patients will be equipped with the essential tools and skills to manage their substance use disorder successfully for a lifetime.

If you or someone you care about is facing challenges with opioid dependence or addiction, don’t hesitate to contact WhiteSands at 877-855-3470 to start your recovery journey today.

External Sources

• Food and Drug Administration — Information about Medications for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) 
• Mayo Clinic — Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid-Use Disorder
• National Institute on Drug Abuse — How Do Medications to Treat Opioid Use Disorder Work?

 

If you or a loved one needs help with abuse and/or treatment, please call the WhiteSands Treatment at (877) 855-3470. Our addiction specialists can assess your recovery needs and help you get the addiction treatment that provides the best chance for your long-term recovery.